TRANSMISSION LINES DESIGN and ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING HUB

Porcelain insulators (bell type) were first created in 1849 by Werner von Seimens. Porcelain Insulators was originally used for insulation of telephone lines. Since then, porcelain insulators have evolved and has found vast usage especially in the transmission lines system acting as insulators. Porcelain Insulators have two basic purposes on transmission lines: 1.To support conductors and attache them to structures 2.To electrically isolate conductors from other components on a transmission line The second purpose is very important to operation since without some form of insulating material, electrical circuit cannot operate. To be able to isolate conductors, insulators must be made of materials that offer a great deal of resistance to the flow of electricity. Porcelain is one of the most highly used insulator type along with glass and other synthetic materials. Porcelain is a multiphase ceramic material that is obtained by heating aluminum silicates until a mullite phase is f...

The Right of Way Before we are going to discuss the classification of power lines, it is good to be acquainted with the concept of the Right-of-Way. Transmission lines are normally constructed on a tract of land known as right-of-way. In most cases, only one type of structure is used on a right-of-way. But there are also instances wherein different types of structures and different types of lines are being put. A right-of-way may follow a straight path, or may change direction in order to avoid obstacles, which happen in many cases. This change in direction causes strain on structures, and the need to compensate from these strains causes the emergence of much type of Transmission Line Structures. The general types of structures used on transmission lines are wooden poles, concrete poles, metal or steel poles, and lattice towers. These structures can be classified as tangent, angled, or dead-end structure, depending on how it is used in a line. Dead-End Structures Dead-...

Power Cable Capacitance (C) Formula Single Conductor Shielded Cable         C = 0.024113 x e/ [log (d2/d1)]   microfarad/ kilometer where: e = dielectric constant for XLPE = 2.3, PVC = 5.0-7.0 d2 = diameter under insulation d1 = diameter over the insulation Power Cable Insulation Resistance (IR) Formula According to ICEA Specification IR @ 15.6 degrees C = K log (d2/d1)    Megaohm - 1000ft According to JIS Specification IR @ 20.0 degrees C = 3.665 x 10^-12 x p x log (d2/d1)    Megaohm - km where: d2 = diameter under insulation d1 = diameter over the insulation K = constant (XLPE = 20,000; PVC = 500) p = volume density (ohm-cm) ; XLPE = 2.5 x 10^15, PVC = 1 x 10^13 Power Cable Inductance (L) Formula Multiple conductor cable or single conductor cable arranged in parallel and three single conductor arranged in triangular           L = 0.46 log (S/d) + 0.19   ...

Toroid Transformers and Its Concept Toroid transformers, also called as Toroidal Transformer or Toroidal power supply are transformers having the shape of its core different than the conventional ones. Toroid transformer's core, as the name implies are toroids or called as Toroid Cores. Toroids are ring-shaped surface generated by rotating a circle around an axis that does not intersect the circle. It is a doughnut-shaped object enclosed by a torus.

Learn the hows and whys behind basic electricity, electronics, and communications without formal training The best combination self-teaching guide, home reference, and classroom text on electricity and electronics has been updated to deliver the latest advances. Great for preparing for amateur and commercial licensing exams, this guide has been prized by thousands of students and professionals for its uniquely thorough coverage ranging from DC and AC concepts to semiconductors and integrated circuits.

Transmission Lines Voltage Evolution and Selection Electricity has been used as a major energy source since the late 19th century. The first three phase alternating current transmission started in 1891, a 175 km long line supplying electricity to an electrical engineering exhibition in Frankfurt and Main Germany. A power of about 200 kW was transmitted by this line operating at 40 Hz. Since then, the selection of transmission voltage have evolved to facilitate the needs and requirements of the user. The evolution of voltage levels and other milestones can be seen below:

OPGW or known as Optical Ground Wire is a type of cable or wire that is used in transmission lines construction. It is also known as optical fiber composite overhead ground wire. It can serve as a grounding wire, shielding wire, and at the same time a cable used for communication purposes.  OPGW contains a tubular structure with one or more optical fibers in it. It is then surrounded by layers of steel and aluminum wire. It can be compared like an ASCR, except that steel is the one covering the tube with fiber optics inside.

Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering is the engineer’s handbook to real-world power engineering practice – a unique working reference for the engineer, technician, systems planner and manager Most books on transmission and distribution electrical engineering are student texts that focus on theory, brief overviews, or specialised monographs. Colin Bayliss and Brian Hardy have produced a unique and comprehensive handbook aimed squarely at practising engineers and planners involved in all aspects of getting electricity from the power plant to the user via the power grid.

The Electrical Engineer's Handbook is an invaluable reference source for all practicing electrical engineers and students. Encompassing 79 chapters, this book is intended to enlighten and refresh knowledge of the practicing engineer or to help educate engineering students. 

AMERALIK SPAN The longest single span in a transmission line in the world is found in Greeanland. We've already talked about the longest transmission line in terms of circuit kilometers on this blog entry.  This is for the distinction in a single span.

Transmission Planning is purposed to define a transmission system or its expansions as to comply with the electric energy demand at specified quality and reliability criteria at a minimum cost. Planning process should be continuous, should have an interactive structure as to make an optimized future evolution use. The planning studies take a leading role in the definition of an electric system or its expansion. The planning activities have to start several years before the installation of new or expansion of existing transmission lines is to be implemented. Planning Stages of Transmission Lines 1. Long Term Planning - It defines the basic future structure of an electric system. It comprises a long term horizon for the system planning usually in the range of 15-30 years. 2. Medium Term Planning - Its target horizon is in the range of 10-15 years. It usually defines the basic characteristic of the system such as voltage, main transmission lines  and substations. 3...

How to Conserve Energy and Save Money in the Process? Energy Conservation is a paramount duty of everyone. We know how much estimated electrical energy is consumed by the world from my previous entry. It also directly related to how much resources utilized and how much waste is emitted to the environment. In short, everyone must act and think of energy conservation. Whenever you save energy, you not only save money, you also reduce the demand for such fossil fuels as coal, oil, and natural gas. Less burning of fossil fuels also means lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary contributor to global warming, and other pollutants.

Yup, you read it right. This is about the World's Longest Overhead Transmission Line as of today. It is around 1700 km in length, transmitting power of 560 MW. Interestingly enough it its transmission voltage is 500 kV dc, mainly due its relatively long distance.

Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (or ACSR) cable is easily the most used type of cable in overhead power lines in the last century. It is a specific type of high-capacity, high-strength stranded cable used in overhead power lines where the outer strands are aluminum, chosen for its excellent conductivity, low weight, and low cost. Its center strand is of steel for the strength required to support the weight without stretching the aluminum due to its ductility. Thus the name steel reinforced. 

Conductor, classified further as wires or cables is one of the major components of your transmission lines system. A conductor is a material that facilitates the flow of electricity (or electric current) in our transmission line. Different types of conductors are used in transmission lines. They vary in number and size, depending on the type of circuit and the transmission voltage. Steel, aluminum and copper are the most common conducting materials used in transmission lines.

PLS CADD ( Power Lines System – Computer Aided Design and Drafting) is a computer software that enables you to design, simulate, and analyze the behavior of a transmission and distribution system. It is owned and developed by Power Lines System, from which the name was derived. It is the most popular tool in transmission lines design, and fast becoming (if not yet) an industry standard.

Ohms Law is the basic of anything that has something to do with electrical engineering and electricity. It is a mathematical expression of the relationship between, the current, voltage, and resistance. Every equation and law in electrical engineering would be explained at the simplest sense, and would all boil down to Ohm's Law. Ohms Law states that the current is directly proportional to the impressed emf applied to the circuit, and is inversely proportional to the resistance of the said circuit. This mathematical equation is conveniently represented by only three letters: I = E/R Where; I - current E - voltage R - resistance Ohms Law was named after one of our Electrical Engineering Heroes, Georg Simon Ohm. OHMS LAW CALCULATOR Applet Enter two known values and press Solve to calculate unknowns. Volts (Volts) Resistance (Ohms) Current (Amps) Power (Watts) Ohm's Law Components Current or electric current is the motion of the...

Daily electrical energy consumption of the world is quite an intriguing idea. But how exactly would you dtermine the daily electrical consumption of the world . On this feature, we try to estimate, and put into context the daily energy consumption of the world.

On this post, i will share to you a sample of a .bak file. Vertical dead end construction using strain insulators. Download link is ==> HERE

Voltage Surge is an abnormal conditions on the Electrical Power System, characterized by voltage spikes. These usually refers to acute to extreme high voltages that is experienced by the power equipment. Voltage surges could be transients or sustained. Whichever is the case, this could do harm to the electrical equipment or even your household appliances. Frequent transient surges and sustained over voltages is typically not good and should be kept minimal if not totally prevented. This will damage the insulation of such, and could result in electric flashover, which could not only do harm on the equipment but to lives as well. Voltage Surges Causes Common causes of voltage surges are; lightning and switching. Switching surges can be produced by the repeated igniting and extinguishing of electric arcs. Such voltage surges are obtained, for example, in disconnecting unloaded lines or by the grounding through an arc of one of the phases of a three-phase system with an insu...

On this second part, I recommend you to read this wonderfully written article about substation grounding by ECM . This article would answer some of the most common questions related to grounding like step and touch potentials, and the difference between mechanical boding and exothermic welding. Full article may be found ==> HERE For other free ebooks, pdf, tutorials, and links about substation grounding, click on the links below: ERICO's GROUNDING BOOK HOW TO CONSTRUCT GROUNDING WELL GROUNDING TECHNIQUES THAT SAVES LIFE LEC GROUNDING MANUAL One of the must haves in relations to substation grounding for ANSI standards followers: Guide for Safety in Ac Substation Grounding-Standard 80-1986

Grounding is one of the most important yet most misunderstood part of power engineering. In essence, grounding is important since it is involved in the protection of both lives and equipment during abnormal condition. If your grounding system is properly designed and installed, then most likely it will have a reliable performance. Fast clearing of faults, made possible by good grounding, improves the overall safety and reliability of an electrical system. Therefore, substation reliability must be as "built-in" as possible because of the high available fault current levels present and unlikely occurrence of follow-up grounding inspections. With these things in mind, I am going to share to you, some of important free e-books, tutorials, links and pdf related to substation grounding. Click on the links below: Better Grounding Techniques Fence Grounding Reference Ground Fault Testing Grounding Book Other equally interesting and important grounding references: Gu...

Hello there. On this blog, i will try to compress and collect any available engineering jobs out there with emphasis on the entry level. USA JOBS 1 USA JOBS 2 USA JOBS 3 M.E. JOBS 1 M.E. JOBS 2 M.E. JOBS 3 note: I am in no way related to these job hiring poster.

PLS POLE .BAK SAMPLE FILE 2-PART INSULATOR STRUCTURE For purpose of practice, I am giving a sample .bak file of the structure with 2-part insulators. Please do note that you may only use it as a guide in making models as some of its values were used only for illustrative purposes. You are encouraged to improved on it and do anything on it. I do appreciate feedbacks and comments though, as well as suggestions to improve upon. The Download link ==>> HERE

HOW TO MODEL STRUCTURE WITH 2-PART INSULATORS On this tutorial, we are to model a structure that is consisting of a steel pole, with construction made up of 2-parts insulators. To model a steel pole, you may refer to this tutorial.  ==>> HERE To model a two part insulator, you may refer to this tutorial. ==>>HERE We will model the structure from a drawing to a .pol PLS-POLE file that we can use for analysis and use in PLS-CADD software as well. Tutorial is found ==>> HERE                                  

HOW TO MODEL A 2-PART INSULATOR USING PLS-POLE On this tutorial, we are going to create or model a braced post insulator using PLS-POLE. It is a 2-part insulator consisting of a post insulator supported by suspension insulators. Some of the characteristics of a braced line post are: It uses a traditional fixed base line post. The longitudinal strength is limited to the RCL rating of the line post component. It generates high tower torque (Z-direction) under longitudinal loading. Tutorial can be downloaded ==>> HERE

Submarine cable and the world's longest submarine cables were already discussed beforehand. One might wonder, what is the longest communication submarine cable in the world? The distinction goes to, FLAG (Fiberoptic Link Around the Globe), the system is organized, designed and priced to compete in the rapidly growing wholesale market for international telecommunications traffic. It is the longest man-made structure ever built, stretching 28,000 kilometers (17,000 miles) from the United Kingdom to Japan and linking Europe and Asia by way of the Middle East. FLAG can transmit more than 10 gigabits of digital information per second -- the equivalent of 600,000 simultaneous conversations -- over two fiber pairs. Further technical advances, including Wavelength Division Multiplexing, give FLAG the potential to double the capacity of most segments.  FLAG construction was built on time (in 27 months) and within budget, at a capitalized cost of approximately $1.5 billion...

What is the World's Longest Submarine Power Cable Submarine cable system is one of the most common engineering solutions when distributing power or information in areas that are bounded by bodies of water, wherein overhead system is no longer practical. (More info in here ). But have you ever wonder what is the longest submarine power cable that is operating today?

One of the most challenging tasks in the effort to distribute power, is to transmit when the area is bounded by bodies of water. Examples of this are island states or countries, and their connection to the power grid, as to support their island mode generating capacities. Under normal circumstances, long distances and the presence of water beneath limits the practicality of putting overhead lines for the purpose. Thus, most of the time, engineers and builders turn to submarine cables. Submarine cables are cables that are laid beneath the sea, or any bodies of water to carry or transmit energy, data or both. It can be classified into Submarine Communication Cables or Submarine Power Cables. Typical cross section of a submarine cable is wonderfully illustrated by this picture courtesy of http://www.mutual-energy.com/The_Moyle_Interconnector/History_and_Development_of_the_Interconnector.php For more on submarine cables, check and click on these highly recommended free t...

FREE GEORGE SIMON OHM REFERENCES | FREE OHM'S LAW TUTORIALS George Simon Ohm, the man behind the ohm's law is today's EE hero. The unit of resistance (electrical) is named after this man. Georg Simon Ohm was born in Erlangen, Bavaria, on March 16, 1787. He first published the theory behind ohm's law in the book, Die galvanische Kette Mathematisch Bearbeitet. He may have died in 1954, but his works, and the ohm's law itself is mentioned and is being applied everyday. Everyone who is into Electricity and Electrical Engineering knows how important Ohm's law is. It is the single mathematical equation that describes the basic relationship of electricity and its elements. At its purest form, it is composed of only three figures; V=IR. It means that, the current flowing in the medium is directly proportional to the voltage and is inversely proportional to the resistance. Ohm's Law (V=IR) is as basic to the study of electronics, as Newton's Law (...

Protective relaying is one of the most important and highly technical fields in electrical engineering. It is so critical, since it involves the protection of our power system to abnormal conditions that might be subjected to our power equipments and apparatus. It is practically, system protection. Our power system, composed of our power equipment, transformers, generators, and transmission lines cost a fortune to construct and maintain. It is not rare to see generating plants, and power substations to cost in millions of dollars. Through an intricate manner, a device is used to act as an eye and brain in the protection system. They are called protective relays. In basic power system set up, power apparatus, like the generators and power transformers may be subject to abnormal conditions like fault. They might experience over current and over voltages. They are usually accompanied with protective equipment like power circuit breakers. But these breakers merely react ...

Earlier on, we discussed a phenomenon called the Ferranti Effect. This is a rise in voltage occurring at the receiving end of a long transmission line, relative to the voltage at the sending end. This honor belongs to a British electrical engineer who promoted the installation of large electrical generating stations and alternating-current distribution networks in England. This electrical effect was named after Sabastian Ziani de Ferranti (1864-1930), who in 1887 became the chief engineer for London Electric Supply Corporation (LESCo), responsible for the design of their power station at Deptford, England. What led to this discovery was during the early days of Ferranti’s work at the Deptford Power Station, an anomaly was experienced when transmission line voltages remote from the generator rose to levels that damaged equipment. Intuition led engineers and operators of the time to think that voltage would decay over long distances, but this turned out to be true only when...

Ferranti Effect is an electrical engineering phenomenon, wherein there is a rise in voltage occurring at the end of a long transmission line when its load is disconnected. We usually observed that the sending voltage is greater than the receiving end voltage. From the equation: Vs = Vr + (current x impedance), the receiving voltage is lower since it is the difference of the Voltage Sending and the voltage drop. The operative words here are, long transmission lines and disconnected load. Under no load conditions, theoretically, Vs=Vr.  Furthermore, one classification of transmission lines is according to its length or circuit km. In long transmission lines, you are going to take into consideration the effect of capacitance and the charging current of the lines. Due to the voltage drop across the line inductance (due to charging current) being in phase with the sending end voltages, capacitance and inductance is responsible to produce this phenomenon. For more about the Ferran...

Hello. In this blog, we will try to create a steel pole model, using the PLS Pole software of Power Lines System. This created pole will practically be part of your data bank that can be later used to create structures. These structures on the other hand can be used in PLS CADD for analysis. In itself, the PLS pole could analyze the integrity and strength of both the structures and the pole.  First things first is to build up your data base of components. For starters, I hope this helps.  Click on the links for the .doc files. CLICK ==> HERE                         

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folk, please bear on the admin on the delay of the turorials. soon the tutorials will start so visit the site from time to time. in the mean time, please leave a comment on what you want to know regarding pls software so that it will be featured on this site

Starting today, October 2, 2010, changes will be made on this blog site. Aside from Transmission and distribution lines topics, the following topics will also be found: Substation Design Relaying General Engineering All Electrical Engineering and Electronics topics. Questions are also encouraged you may email your queries here: -team

I would like to share this interesting video. It is about a proposed project linking the renewable energy sources plants in Canada up to New York through underwater cables. It pretty much discusses the overhead transmission lines and the opposition on it and how builders find ways to deliver power despite and due to the many problems encountered in building overhead transmission lines. New Underwater Transmission Lines Proposed original URL:  http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xdl8s3_new-underwater-transmission-lines-p_news

The Ruling Span is defined as the assumed uniform span that most likely represents actual spans that are in any particular section of the line. In the absence of finite element analysis tools or software (ex. PLS CADD), the ruling span is used to calculate sag and clearances on the plan profile drawing, and it is necessary in structure spotting. Ruling Span Tip: When stringing the line, the general rule is that the spans in the line should not be more than twice the ruling span, or less than half of the ruling span. Ruling Span is one of the most used yet misunderstood and misused terms in the design, staking, and construction of overhead lines. “Ruling span” is loosely used with several different meanings. Theoretical Ruling Span: It is the equation derived from the co nductor length equation and by making certain assumptions, approximations, and formula substitutions. This formula must be used if the actual spans are already known.   The theoretical ruling span...

SPOTLIGHT: HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT (HVDC) TRANSMISSION LINES During the current wars (AC vs. DC) days, it was the economics of transmitting power in high voltage and low through power transformers sealed the fate in favor of AC power transmission. But nowadays, Direct Current is fighting back. Or that least, it is covering what AC power transmission cannot. Most if not all of the bulk transmission of powers are in AC. That was up until 1954, the firstHVDC (10MW) transmission system was commissioned in Gotland . It is of important to note that as early as 1941; a proposed 60 MW HVDC link in Germany did not fully materialize due to war. HVDC is favorable to AC transmission on the following reasons: . No technical limit to the length of a submarine cable connection. . No requirement that the linked systems run in synchronism. . No increase to the short circuit capacity imposed on AC switchgear. . Immunity from impedance, phase angle, frequency or voltage flu...

Transmission Line Restoration From July 17 Wind Storm Completed   Sep 9, 2010 10:40 PM Restoration of Nebraska Public Power District's 230-kV transmission line, severely damaged in a July 17 wind storm, was completed when the line was re-energized Monday, Aug. 30. Crews completed restoration work on a section of the line between the District's Riverdale substation, located north of Kearney, to a substation east near Grand Island Monday afternoon. A total of 129 structures were damaged on the line, with approximately 18 mi of power lines coming to the ground. Earlier, another section of line, running west from the Riverdale substation to Crooked Creek substation, north of Lexington, was restored August 22. That section of line saw 87 structures damaged with 14 mi of line down over two separate sections. A third transmission line, running from Riverdale to the Tower substation in Kearney, had an additional eight structures damaged with about one mile of line being ...

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The most common way method of transmitting power is through overhead power lines. It is relatively less costly, visible detection of faults, repair and maintenance is easier compared to underground system. The following are the basic components of an overhead power line (click on links to see pic): Supporting structures • Phase conductors • Ground conductors or overhead ground wires (OHGW) • Insulators • Line Arresters • Tower/pole grounds • Supporting guys and anchors • Other line accessories 

Electricity as most of us know, are conveniently utilized as we plug our appliances and machines to our power sockets. However, the origin of that very electricity though may actually be as far as hundred and even thousand of kilometers away. These are from power plants and other power generating stations. A generating plant will be useless unless its generated energy (power) in millions and even thousands of billions of watts will be delivered to its consumers, to us. These electrons traveled in speed approaching that of light, through a medium called transmission and distribution lines. Electricity might be transmitted and distributed in either on the following ways( click on link for pics ): OVERHEAD UNDERGROUND UNDERWATER/ SUBMARINE The choice and selection of methods of construction would usually vary on the philosophy of the personalities and circumstances involved. These would refer to the owner of the lines, the engineering team and the culture, practice and applicability where...

Greetings everyone. One of the most useful forms of energy ever utilized is in the form of electricity. It is a primary if not the sole contributor in the advent on human history and civilization. It is almost impossible to imagine living today without electric power. Without it, you won't be reading this blog, since nothing will power your computer. One of the most visible and profound units of the electrical power system are its transmission and distribution lines. Lines, wires, cables, it is almost everywhere and yet it is as if it is nothing to most of us. But the creation, design and construction of these lines, the engineering behind in itself is a wonder to behold. The evolution, from the site and draft process to the use of sophisticated software like PLS-CADD makes the study of craft even more exciting. This blog aims to give everyone an overview, a brief understanding and resources in understanding and appreciation of the art and science of transmission and distribution l...